2024-03-28T13:06:51Z
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=40
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
A Novel Mercury-Sensitive Fluorescent Nano-chemosensor using new Functionalized Magnetic core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 Nanoparticles
M.
Hosseini
Z
Memari
M.R.
Ganjali
M.
Khoobi
F.
Faridbod
A.
Shafiee
P.
Norouzi
M.
Shamsipur
A.
Hajinezhad
In this work, a novel Hg2+ sensitive fluorescent chemosensor is constructed. The proposednano-chemosensor was prepared through the preparation of 3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one functionalized silica nanoparticles which has high magnetization properties (BTC-Fe3O4@SiO2). Theûnal product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetricanalysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UVvisibleabsorption and ûuorescence emission. The material was found to demonstrate selective interactionswith Hg2+ ions. This interaction is most probably due to the presence of the ûuorophore moiety at the surfaceof nanomaterial. Fluorescence measurements revealed that the emission intensity of the Hg2+-bound with themagnetic core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs increases signiûcantly upon addition of various concentrations of Hg2+,while in case of other mono, di, trivalent cations no changes or weak changes in the intensities were observed.The enhancement of ûuorescence is attributed to the strong covalent binding of Hg2+ ions with the bindingconstant value of 1.7×105/M. The sensor can be applied for analysis of mercury in environmental sample.
Mercury ion
Fluorescent probe
Nano-chemosensor
Functionalized magnetic
core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles
2014
10
01
861
870
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_779_60845ae78053b7e1be396b273313bc1d.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil, Surface Water and Groundwater of an Agricultural Area Adjacent to Tehran oil Refinery, Iran
N.
Pourang
A.S.
Noori
Concentrations of six heavy metals including Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were determined in topsoil (from 47 grid cells), surface water (4 streams) and groundwater (8 wells and 4 qanats) from an agriculturalarea located at south part of the Iranian capital, near the Tehran oil refinery. Concentrations of the elementswere measured using flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Based on the results of agglomerativehierarchical method for clustering of the soil grid cells, some similarities between the dendrograms of Mn andNi, Pb and V, and Zn and Cr were observed. The pattern of metal occurrence exhibited the following descendingorder: Mn> Zn > Cr > V > Ni > Pb for soil, Pb, Ni, Mn > Zn, V, Cr for wells and Ni, Pb > Cr, V > Mn, Zn forstreams. Significant positive correlations were found among Zn, Cr and Ni as well as between Mn and Zn, Niand V, and Pb and Zn in soil. Significant positive associations were also observed in the case of Mn-Ni and Mn-Cr in wells and streams, respectively. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil exceeded thenormal uncontaminated soils (with the exception of V). In the case of Cr, Zn and V, our results were above thesoil critical range. The mean levels of all the elements in the surface and groundwater were considerably lowerthan the related guidelines and limits.
Heavy metals
Agricultural soils
Surface water
Groundwater
Tehran
2014
10
01
871
886
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_780_22126611b58222876a9a6b5bf7047a80.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Modeling of River Velocity, Temperature, Bed Deformation and its Effects on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Habitat in Lees Ferry, Colorado River
W.
Yao
P.
Rutschmann
S.
Bamal
Quantification of the habitat available for fish species named Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) were evaluated in Lees Ferry, Colorado River using water depth, water temperature, sediment transport,flow velocity in 2004 as environmental index. For the flow velocity and temperature distribution calculationsin the river, the Navier-Stokes equation and energy conservation equations with finite volume approach hasbeen employed. Sediment transport and river bed deformation in Lees Ferry were also calculated based onEngelund-Hansen equations. The suitability index (SI) curves based on these four biological, ecological andhydraulic factors were obtained and fish habitat suitability function was established. The HSI (habitat suitabilityindex), WUA (weighted useable area), OSI (overall suitability index) of the fish species were quantitativelycalculated using SI curves coupled with habitat suitability function. The effects of these variables on the LeesFerry river areas were analyzed. The results showed that the model system can correctly represent theRainbow Trout living situation. The WUA and OSI are generally low in Less Ferry and the proportions of highquality of OSI (HSI ) are even less which is in accordance with the real situation. The results alsorevealed that there is a nonlinear relationship between flow discharge and suitable habitat areas.
Rainbow trout habitat model
CFD model
Sediment transport
Weighted usable area (WUA)
Overall suitability index (OSI)
2014
10
01
887
896
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_781_a28e7bb2e74dca400d93a3ef8f408630.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Spatial Pattern of Ground-Level Ozone Concentration in Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area
P.F.
Hudak
The objective of this study was to analyze spatial patterns of ground-level ozone concentrationin the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas metropolitan area. Average daily maximum eight-hour ozone concentration,number of days with concentrations exceeding 75 ppb, average outside air temperature, and resultant winddirection at 20 monitoring stations were compiled for January-December, 2013. Recent estimates of populationand vehicle miles traveled were also compiled for 12 counties with ozone monitoring station(s). Ozone levelsand resultant wind directions were mapped for representative months in each season. On several days fromMay-October, eight-hour ozone measurements exceeded 75 ppb. September, followed by August, producedthe highest ozone concentrations, as well as the most observations exceeding 75 ppb. Late spring and summermonths also showed the greatest range in ozone concentrations; during this time period, sustained southeasterlywinds caused distinct clusters of high ozone concentration at the northern perimeter of the study area.However, ozone concentrations at individual monitoring stations were not associated with population orvehicle miles traveled in counties occupied by those stations.
ozone
Dallas
Fort Worth
Texas
2014
10
01
897
902
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_782_454163eedfee68e57e13154d8139cee0.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Solid Phase Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides Residues in Groundwater (Akkar Plain, North Lebanon)
R.
El-Osmani
S.
Net
D.
Dumoulin
M.
Baroudi
H.
Bakkour
B.
Ouddane
Due to the uncensored use of pesticides in the agricultural regions of Lebanon, the contaminationrisks of drinking water by organic residues increase periodically in planting seasons. No previous work havebeen considered in North Lebanon plain concerning pesticide pollution though it is the second agriculturalzone in Lebanon with an excessive activity. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate thecontamination and to map the pollution level of groundwater by organochlorine pesticides in Northern Lebanon.Solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge embedded with Hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced (HLB) copolymerwere used for the isolation and trace enrichment of pesticide from water samples followed by gas chromatographycoupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to quantify pesticide concentrations. The levels of organochlorinepesticide recorded in groundwater of Akkar district exceeded the limits set by the Stockholm Convention onpersistent organic pollutants with total amounts that can reach 14.2 μg/L. Contamination was also found to bemore important inland with the frequent presence of banned pesticide such HCH isomers, 4,4’-DDT, aldrinand endrin. Appropriate remedial measures and systematic investigation of Organochlorine residues in waterresources of the AKKAR district are necessary to check further aggravation of the situation.
SPE
HLB
GC-MS
organochlorine
Groundwater
Lebanon
2014
10
01
903
912
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_783_46dc1700a293356422a9ffd7249e43cd.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Introduction of Participatory Conservation in Iran: Case Study of the Rural Communities’ Perspectives in Khojir National Park
M.
Kolahi
K.
Moriya
T.
Sakai
E.
Khosrojerdi
V.
Etemad
Participatory conservation, as bottom-up management, is currently the most acceptable modelfor management of protected areas across the world. Social context is a central issue in the sustainablemanagement of conservation areas. It is also crucial to introducing participatory conservation. The newapproach therefore recognizes rural communities as key partners in biodiversity management and seeks theirparticipation in social development and biodiversity conservation. This paper examines the opinions andperceptions of local residents towards conservation, ecotourism, and Khojir National Park (KNP) in Iran. Aquestionnaire and informal interviews were conducted in five villages in or around the park. A comparativeanalysis of community participation and its barriers among the villagers were also employed. A model wasdeveloped to study attitudes of the local people and how they affect conservation and ecotourism development.The results revealed a moderate general knowledge about KNP and environmental issues, the lack of interactionbetween local people and government authorities, eagerness to participate in the activities of KNP, generalsupport for the conservation cause, and important differences among the villages. Furthermore, the majorityof respondents were classified as supportive of biodiversity conservation and neutral to ecotourism development,which may indicate a coexistent relationship. The research clearly identifies the need for devising strategiesand initiatives appropriate to specific local groups for optimizing their input in conservational issues. Theoptimization process of participatory conservation in Iran should be undertaken to create a congruent, sitespecificmodel with the best possible results based on world experiences.
Biodiversity conservation
Bottom-up management
Local people
Ecotourism development
2014
10
01
913
930
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_784_53724b9de2689ea04e6914992f99a652.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Elemental Composition of Muscle Tissue of Various Beef Breeds Reared Under Intensive Production Systems
R.
Pilarczyk
Concentrations of major nutritional and trace elements (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se,Co, Cr, Ni, Sr, Ba) and toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb) were analyzed in the meat of Limousin, Red Angus andSalers bulls. Elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma emission atomic spectrometry. Theconducted research showed that the meat of compared breeds differed in the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Seand K. The meat from Limousin bulls had significantly lower Zn (P<0.001) and Cu (P<0.05) contents thanthat of Red Angus and Salers bulls. Moreover, the meat of Red Angus bulls was characterized by a significantly(P<0.001) lower K content and significantly (P<0.05) higher Fe content compared to those in the Limousinand Salers bulls as well as significantly (P<0.05) higher Se content in comparison with the Salers bulls. Nobreed differences in the concentrations of Pb and Cd were found; however, the Pb concentration in meat washigher than the recommended standards. In the meat of all three breeds, the significant strong positive correlationswere observed between the contents of Pb-Cd, Pb-Ni, Cd-Ni and K-P. The correlations between other elementswithin each of the breeds separately were also found.
beef
Breeds
Tace elements
Heavy metals
correlations
2014
10
01
931
940
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_785_5a06d47693a1aebb55f076158d51d4d1.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Assessing Environmental Aesthetics of Roadside Vegetation and Scenic Beauty of Highway Landscape: Preferences and Perception of Motorists
M.
Fathi
M.R.
Masnavi
This paper discusses the importance of environmental aesthetics and scenic beauty of currentroadside vegetation in the highways, and the necessity for the contribution of users (motorists) preferences inthe integration of scenic beauty of roadside vegetation into its management plans. The results of a questionnairesurvey of motorist’s opinion on the landscape aesthetics and quality of some highways in Tehran city arepresented with their analyses. Findings of the research indicate the roadside vegetation as the most importantelements of highway scenic beauty for the majority of users. High-rise building, historic or cultural landmarks,farmlands, street lighting and advertisement boards found with lower level of importance to the passengers. Astrong positive tendency of respondents found towards variety of vegetation types instead of a uniformcomposition. The most preferred combination of plant types of road were preferred were: trees in thebackground, grass and flowering herbs in the foreground and shrubs in the middle. In our case study, dissatisfactionwith vegetation type and combination was reported lower among those who travelled once or twice a monthor longer, compare to those who travelled the site more frequently in a daily or weekly basis. This indicatesthat for less frequent users the roadside vegetation was reported almost satisfactory, as their personal cognitionof a route is less affected by their prior knowledge. However, the preferences of motorists who used thehighway more frequently, showed a great tendency with planting design patterns of trees in background andshrubs in the foreground.
Highway
Scenic beauty
Questionnaire survey
Roadside vegetation
Environmental Aesthetics
2014
10
01
941
952
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_786_fd89a0f2645a383d215f6f0337889916.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Identification of Inlet and Outlet Locations for Cool Seawater Discharges from an LNG Facility
A.
Gupta
R.
Vijay
V.K.
Kushwaha
S.R.
Wate
Two-dimensional hydrodynamic and advection-dispersion simulations were carried out toidentify the appropriate locations of inlet and outlet for cool seawater discharges from the proposed LiquefiedNatural Gas (LNG) terminal using MIKE-21 suites of software. The model simulations were validated bycomparing the observed and simulated hydrodynamics in terms of water depths, current speeds and directions.The model is satisfactorily correlated with coefficients 0.98, 0.86 and 0.91 for water depth, current speed anddirection, respectively. The validated model was extended to predict the advection-dispersion phenomena forthe two scenarios based on positions of inlet and outlet and their discharges. The predicted results of coolwater discharges were compared to the existing Environmental Health and Safety, World Bank guidelines forLNG discharge facilities. It was observed that a trade-off is required before taking engineering decisions forselecting an environmentally acceptable and energy efficient option for such cool water discharges from anLNG facility.
hydrodynamics
advection-dispersion
Cool seawater discharges
LNG
Simulation
2014
10
01
953
960
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_787_ef9880ccbdaaa99342f953475100b075.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Ecological Risk Assessment for the Terrestrial Ecosystem under Chronic Radioactive Pollution
G.V.
Lavrentyeva
O.A.
Mirzeabasov
B.L.
Synzynys
A methodology of ecological risk assessment for the terrestrial ecosystem under chronicradioactive pollution of a biotope near a regional radioactive waste storage has been developed in terms of thecritical environmental loads analyzed. It consists of five stages: determination of effect indicators and assessmentof their values; establishment of reference species and indices; assessment and analysis of critical loads byplotting “dose-effect” dependencies; ecological risk assessment from critical loads versus permissible values;plotting of risk functions to calculate the expected adverse alterations in the ecosystem. Based on the resultsobtained the storage risk for a terrestrial ecosystem is considered to be inadmissible and this implies unstableconditions in the territory in the nearest future. The calculations and mapping have shown that in the territorystudied the area with excess critical loads is 48% for CFU and 61% for 90Sr accumulation coefficient. Theanalyzed risk functions give evidence of highly probable negative alterations in the tested ecosystem: 85% forCFU and 99% for 90Sr accumulation coefficient.
Radioactive waste storage
Sr-90
Ecological risk
2014
10
01
961
970
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_788_5606c68c27f606e727c8e7eff30c406b.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
An Innovative Design and Cost Optimization of a Trigeneration (Combined Cooling, Heating and Power) System
M.
Abbaspour
S.R.
Saraei
Load management and cost optimization are among the important factors in trigenerationsystems and combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems. In this study, an innovative CCHPsystem uses a gas turbine as the prime mover and has a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) in addition toan auxiliary boiler, electric and absorption chillers. The system is tied with the bulk electric grid; to export andsell excess power or import power when necessary. This study analyzes load management and cost optimizationof CCHP systems. A heuristic strategy to optimize the total energy cost is then presented. The optimal sizeof CCHP is determined from the study results. This paper proposes a model for CCHP system optimizationbased on minimization of energy consumption and initial investment costs. It is to be noted that the selectedvariables are the size of the gas turbine, the absorption chiller capacity, and other dependent components.
Modeling
Optimization
Energy
CCHP
2014
10
01
971
978
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_789_df333d99ff6613098b19f969dbabe325.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Assessing the Ability of Biofiltration to Remove and Treat Diethanolamine from Contaminated Air Streams Using Compost-Based Biofilter
A.
Moshrefzadeh
M.R.
Sabour
Biofiltration method is one of the most commonly used and most effective methods to removepollutants from the exhaust gas flow from different industries. One of the most important categories of airpollutants is HAP (Hazardous Air Pollutants). This Study assesses the ability of biofiltration method toremove and treat HAP DEA (Diethanolamine) from a gas stream through a laboratory-scale biofilter columnfilled with granular compost, plastic hose pieces and municipal wastewater sludge. After start-up period withan average concentration of 6 ppm, the main period began with an average DEA inlet concentration of about51.7 ppm corresponding to a loading rate of 0.97 g/m3.hr and empty bed residence time of 89s, the biofilterreached a removal efficiency of about 89% by two weeks. The maximum EC of 26.85 g/m3.hr was achieved ata loading rate of 42.62 g/m3.hr, corresponding to an inlet concentration of DEA of about 258 ppm. Also theloading rates less than 28 g/m3.hr are recommended to achieve the efficiency higher than 80%. The biofiltrationmethod had an efficiency of more than 80% for concentrations <170 ppm at 40°C. Also the maximum pressuredrop was recorded 13.8 mmH2O. It is because of using a mixture of shredded plastic hose pieces as a bulkingagent due to a high level of porosity in the bed.
diethanolamine
Bulking Agent
Biofiltration
Compost-Based Biofilter
Two-Stage Biofilter
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Shredded Plastic Hose
2014
10
01
979
986
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_790_9f0750e075cf81a0822041155bfbfc9e.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Removal of Common Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Waste Salvadora persica L. Branches (Miswak)
O.
Ileri
S.
Cay
A.
Uyanik
N.
Erduran
The adsorption ability of miswak (Salvadora persica L.) waste was investigated for the removalof common heavy metals; Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II), from aqueous systems. The miswak mainlyconsists of saponins, tannins, silica and resin, which are accounted for the removal of heavy metal ions fromaqueous systems. The effects of various parameters, such as solution pH, contact time, initial concentrationof the heavy metal ions and adsorbent dosage were examined. The linear correlation coefficients of Langmuirand Freundlich isotherms were obtained and the results revealed that the Freundlich isotherm fitted theexperiment results better than Langmuir isotherm (r2=0.974–0.993). The maximum adsorption capacities ofPb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) for per g miswak waste were calculated as 6.84±0.23, 5.91±0.20, 4.56±0.17and 3.73±0.15 mg, respectively. Five cycles of adsorption-desorption were carried out revealing the strongreuse potential of this low-cost adsorbent. The results indicate that the miswak waste, which has a very loweconomical value, could be used to effectively adsorb common heavy metals from aqueous systems forenvironmental cleaning purposes.
Salvadora persica L
Miswak
Adsorption
Low-cost materials
Heavy metals
2014
10
01
987
996
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_791_4ef9f3226417ce82887d433309a1aeb9.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Dissolved Heavy Metals in the Reservoir of Shahid Rajaei Dam, Sari, Iran
S.M.
Shoaei
S.A.
Mirbagheri
A.
Zamani
J.
Bazargan
Concentrations of heavy metals (Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu) in the reservoir of Shahid RajaeiDam, one of the main water reservoirs in north part of Iran, were determined using a differential pulse polarography(Metrohm 797 VA) and compared with the national and international specified maximum contaminant levels(MCL) for different purposes of water use. The results showed that concentrations of Cd and Pb in the reservoirexceeded different MCLs and thus they could pose health problems for regional residents. Averaged concentrationsof heavy metals exhibited a decreasing order of: Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>Co. The spatial distribution and seasonalvariation implied the significant effect of anthropogenic sources on concentration of heavy metals. These metalsmainly originate from the fertilizers and pesticides which are used in upstream farm lands of the flood plain;however the natural sources should not be neglected. The results would help in water resource management ofShahid Rajaei Dam.
Dissolved heavy metals
Spatial distribution
Seasonal variation
Reservoir
Dam
Iran
2014
10
01
997
1004
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_792_2d8593bed19694b4771f69d406322635.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
The Impact of Social policies´ Promotion and the Moderating Role of Location on firm´s Environmental Scores
J.A.
Mondejar-Jimenez
A.
Peiro-Signes
M.D.V.
Segarra-Oña
The objective of present research was to analyze environmental scores in companies whenadopting external social policies. We confirmed that location acts as a differentiating factor. We also analyzedthe human rights, community and product responsibility policies interaction with Environmental Scores. Ourfirst hypothesis stated that social policies contribute to orientate companies toward environmental aspectsand improving environmental scores. The results supported the assumption that better environmental scoresare influenced positively by the promotion of social policies. We can conclude that the promotion of socialpolicies positively affects the environmental orientation of the firm. We can argue that company’s capacity tooperate guaranteeing the freedom association and excluding child, forced or compulsory labor, to be a goodcitizen protecting public health and to produce quality goods and services is a measure of being more sensibleto promote environmental aspects among their structures and processes. The differences between firms thatpromote external social policies and those that don’t are evident. Finally, we have determined how locationmoderates the relative impact of each policy in the environmental performance.
Social
location
Policy
Firm
environment
Score
2014
10
01
1005
1010
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_793_90020ef0ef8915eaeaa664dc163493dd.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
An Urban Solid Waste Landfill Site Evaluation Process Incorporating GIS in Local Scale Environment: A Case of Ahvaz City, Iran
A.H.
Davami
N.
Moharamnejad
S.M.
Monavari
M.
Shariat
Landfill is one of the primary methods for urban solid waste disposal. In order to reduce theenvironmental adverse effects and to protect the public health and human welfare, evaluating the landfill isutmost importance. In this research work evaluation procedure for the current condition of Ahvaz city urbansolid waste landfill site with criteria of Local Screening Method (LSM) is outlined. In this method, withcombining GIS technologies and site investigation the main criteria are physical conditions, economical factors,and land use. These 14 criteria were used into the overlaying technique to determine suitability conditions inthe study region. The obtained results indicated that Ahvaz solid waste landfill should be graded on a scale ofvery weak condition in local scale and ranked in order of in appropriate. The main reasons for the occurrenceof this condition was considered as land purchase ability, lack of landfill cover values of natural vegetation inpublic view, difficulty in sampling and high groundwater levels inside of the study site.
Screening method
Local scale
Evaluation of solid waste landfill
Ahvaz city
2014
10
01
1011
1018
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_794_b86f5972c8841ca1d15f218a0378f79f.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Daphnia Pulex Toxicity Testing of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Tetrasodium Salt Dihydrate and the Wastewater Effluent from Extraction of Rhodium using Emulsion Liquid Membranes
F.
Moyo
R.
Tandlich
Ecotoxicity of rhodium (Rh) from the model of mining waste water side stream was examinedin this paper. Rh was extracted from the model of the mining waste water using an emulsion liquid membrane(ELM). The extractions were done at pH of 1.87 and pH 2.92 and 41.6 % and 46.2 % of Rh was extractedrespectively. The side streams of pH of 1.87 and pH 2.92 after the extractions were examined for ecotoxicityusing Daphnia pulex in the acute toxicity testing. All test organisms died after 48 hours of exposure to the sidestream effluent with the original pH = 1.87, while 10-60 % survival rates were observed at the mining spenteffluent with original pH of 2.92 if the strength of the effluent ranged from 12.5 to 62.5 %. Results forethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt dehydrate (EDTA) showed that an increase in concentrationof EDTA in the test concentrations lead to the death of D. pulex. It was concluded that the very dilute waterside streams are toxic hence the discharge of the spent Rh side-stream should thus be discouraged andprevented at all costs.
Daphnia pulex
Emulsion liquid membrane
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium
salt dehydrate
Rhodium
2014
10
01
1019
1026
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_795_b7f59e6227575b71e09a7ea68d12b968.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Toxicity Effect of Oil Spill Dispersants on Litopenaeus Vannamei
N.
Delshad
M.
Emtyazjoo
M.
Khezri
One of the most chemical methods for controlling of oil spills is use of dispersants, which arewidely being used worldwide. In this research, comparison of acute toxicity of crude oil of the Persian Gulf-Khark area (CO), Iranian Naftroob crude oil dispersant (IND), Radiagreen OSD dispersant crude oil (RD), themixture of crude oil and Iranian Naftroob dispersant ( CO-IND) and crude oil with Radiagreen OSD dispersant(CO-RD) was carried out. For this purpose, the concentrations of both dispersants were equal: 10.5, 21, 42,84 and 168 mg/L. The concentrations of 8.4+16, 16.8+336, 33.6+672, 67.2+1344 and 134.4+2688 mg/L wereused for dispersants-crude oil mixtures and the concentrations of 168, 336, 672, 1344 and 2688 mg/L wereused for crude oil alone. Litopenaeus vannamei was used for bioassay toxicity test. 48-h LC50 was estimatedby Probit value table. Relationship between efficiency and toxicity (RET) was also estimated. 48-h LC50 forCO, IND, RD, CO-IND and CO-RD were 1741, 17.21, 43.52, 631.456, 357.089 mg/L, respectively. Theresults were obtained by these tests were shown that CO alone is less toxic than the IND, RD and also COINDand CO-RD. Moreover, CO-IND was less toxic than CO-RD. With regard to the efficiency of IND hada lower (RET = 34.8) than RD (RET = 39) and so, it was more efficient.
Oil dispersant
toxicity
Crude oil
RET
Litopenaeus vannamei
2014
10
01
1027
1030
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_796_0a59c7c0d8cd807daf88963d0cbf377b.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Desirable Areas and Effective Environmental Factors of Wild goat Habitat (Capra aegagrus)
M.
Morovati
M.
Karami
M.
Kaboli
Capra aegagrus is one of the most highly-valued animals of Iran. This species is also consideredas one of the main food sources for the Acinonyx jubatus venaticus, which are critically endangered.Seasonalhabitat use of wild goat was studied from January 2011 to September 2012 in Dareh Anjir Wildlife Refuge,Yazd, Iran. We developed Maximum Entropy models in three seasons.This study aims to determine thehabitat desirability and factors affecting wild goats using a maximum entropy algorithm. Environmentalvariables used in modeling the three seasons of winter, spring, and summer include elevation classes, slope,direction, vegetation, distance to water sources, distance to the rocky substrate, distance to roads (asphalt,soil), and distance to mines. The results show that the most important factors affecting habitat desirability ofthe wild goat in winter, spring, and summer include the ratio of distance variable to the rocky cliffs, slope, anddistance to water resources. According to the predictions, wild goats are most likely to be found in thenorthern, central and southeastern areas of the Dareh Anjir Wildlife Refuge, which are considered the mostdesirable habitats of the species and its associated predator (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) over the threeseasons.The results of this study can be used as a valuable tool in implementing conservation and managementstrategies in order to enhance the desirable habitats in the province of Yazd (Dareh Anjir Wildlife Refuge).
Capra aegagrus
Seasonal habitat use
Dareh Anjir Wildlife Refuge
MaxEnt
Maximum
Entropy model
2014
10
01
1031
1040
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_797_7736a811be1492b5be21f601bd7f8e8c.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
A modified Geosite Assessment Model (M-GAM) and its Application on the Lazar Canyon area (Serbia)
N.
Tomić
S.
Božić
The aim of this paper is to present a modified version of GAM (M-GAM) which should showthat the results gained by using this version are more accurate and realistic. The modification is based on theinclusion of tourists and their opinion regarding the importance of indicators in the assessment process. Theassessment was done by using both versions of GAM and the results were compared and analyzed afterwards.Both assessment methods were applied on the Lazar Canyon area located in eastern Serbia, a territory whichpossesses a large concentration of geosites on a relatively small surface area and it has great potential forgeotourism development. The study revealed that the inclusion of tourists in the assessment process can havecrucial impact on the final results. By introducing the importance factor in the modified model we were able topoint out those values which are of paramount importance for tourists. This can be rather useful in theimprovement and planning of tourism activities as it exactly shows which of the lower values should receivethe most attention in the future based on their significance for tourists.
d Geosite Assessment Model (M-GAM)
Evaluation
Assessment
Geotourism
Lazar Canyon
2014
10
01
1041
1052
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_798_88309b4e0844f85278f5dd4c6259f1a1.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Valorization of Tunisian Pottery Clay onto Basic Dyes Adsorption
F.
Bouatay
S.
Dridi
M.F.
Mhenni
This study examined the adsorption behavior of two cationic dyes used in textile industries (CIBasic Red 46 and CI Basic Blue 3) on Tunisian clay used in pottery. The ability of pottery clay to remove thebasic dyes from aqueous solution was compared to that of the commercial powdered activated carbon (PAC)and raw clay. Physicochemical characteristics of these adsorbents were performed by Boehm dosage, pHPZCand CEC determination, particle size distribution and spectroscopic analysis (FTIR and UV-Vis). The pHPZCof the pottery clay was about 9.86 and the CEC was about 15.6 meq/g. The empirical kinetic data fitted verywell the pseudo second order model for the adsorbent studied. The isotherm data fitted rightly to the Langmuirisotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of the raw clay, pottery clay and PAC onto CI Basic Red46 (CI Basic Blue 3) were respectively2806 mmol/g(785 mmol/g), 2114mmol/g (116.2mmol/g) and 2123mmol/g (343.9 mmol/g). These results showed the large adsorption capacities of the studied samples onto the basicdyes. Based on thermodynamic study, the adsorption of the cationic dye on raw clay, pottery clay and PACappears to be physical adsorption process. The effect of the ionic strength study showed that the presence ofelectrolyte had an important effect on the basic dyes removal.
Pottery clay
Raw clay
Powdered activated carbon
Adsorption
Basic dyes
2014
10
01
1053
1066
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_799_6564cbb35f97ea287f6e07f67ca0d50c.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Assessment of Mineralogical Composition and Heavy Metal Pollution in the Surface Sediment of North West Persian Gulf
A.H.
Pejman
G.R.
Nabi Bidhendi
M.
Ardestani
M.
Saeedi
A.
Baghvand
Sh.
Moradi
In this study, the mineralogical composition and concentration of heavy metals in surfacesediment of North West Persian Gulf (Musa estuary and Hendijan coastline) were investigated. Fifteensampling sites were selected and the sediment samples were collected using Peterson grab sampler in August2013. XRD analyses demonstrated that the sediments of study area are principally composed of calcite,quartz and dolomite. The high concentration of calcium carbonate can be derived from limestone and frequencyremains of benthic organisms. The metal concentrations compared with values of these metals in the averageshale, indicated that all the sampling sites are contaminated with Pb and Ni. The results of enrichment factorand geoaccumulation index demonstrated that at sites 3, 4, 5, 6 (near Emam port and petrochemical plant site),14 and 15 (adjacent Bahregan port) have high metal concentrations due to anthropogenic activities such asdischarge of industrial, agricultural and residential wastewaters and shipping. Based on the average shalecontents, the result of EF are more reliable than the Igeo index.
XRD
Metals
sediment
enrichment factor
geoaccumulation index
Persian Gulf
2014
10
01
1067
1074
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_999_3123c1b647f3c7d99ddff0884fb750b9.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Investigation on Dracaena Sanderiana PhytoremeDiation Ability for Hg and Cd using Multivariate Optimized Task Specific Ionic liquid-based Dispersive liquid-liquid Microextraction
H.
Sereshti
N.
Eskandarpour
S.
Samadi
Gh.
Aliakbarzadeh
The task specific ionic liquid (TSIL), tricaprylmethylammonium thiosalicylate ([A336][TS]),was synthesized, characterized and subsequently used as extraction solvent in dispersive liquid-liquidmicroextraction (DLLME) technique. The TSIL-DLLME method followed by inductively coupled plasmaatomicemission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was applied to determination of trace mercury (Hg) and cadmium(Cd) in aqueous sample solutions. The significant parameters of the extraction process were optimized usinga response surface methodology. Under the optimal conditions (pH, 6.50; concentration of TSIL, 47.50 mg m/L; and salt concentration, 8.50 % (w/v)), the analytical figures of merit for Hg and Cd were obtained as: LDR,1-5000 μg/L; determination coefficients (R2), 0.9990 and 0.9991; LODs (limit of detections), 0.28 and 0.22 μg/L; RSD, 1.1% and 1.0%, respectively. In addition, the removal of Hg2+ and Cd2+ ions by the plant Dracaenasanderiana was investigated using the developed method. The Hg and Cd uptake and storage by the plant fromcontaminated waters was also evaluated to be approximately equal to 10.32 and 30.90 mg/kg, respectively.The relative recoveries of Hg and Cd were 97.50% and 92.37%, respectively.
Dracaena sanderianam
Cadmium
mercury
ICP-AES
2014
10
01
1075
1084
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_801_772297eed69635b3d890a90adae64a18.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
A Comparative Study on The Acute Toxicity Bioassay of Dimethoate and Lambda-cyhalothrin and Effects on Thyroid Hormones of Freshwater Teleost Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton)
C.
Dey
S.K.
Saha
Dimethoate (organophosphate insecticide) and Lambda-cyhalothrin (synthetic pyrithroid) aretwo frequently used pesticides due to their high effectiveness and rapid breakdown into environmentally safeproducts. The aim of this present study was to assess and compare the acute toxicity of Dimethoate(Rogor30%EC) and Lambda-cyhalothrin (5%EC) on Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Acute toxicity bioassay wascarried out in a static renewal system to assess the toxicity. The fishes were exposed to different concentrationof dimethoate and Lambda-cyhalothrin to determine the LC50 values for 96hrs. The mortality data obtainedwere analyzed by SPSS 16.0 based on Finney’s Probit Analysis Statistical method. The 96h LC50 values forDimethoate and Lambda-cyhalothrin were found to be 24.55 μl/L and 0.7 μl/L respectively. Effects of thesetwo insecticides on serum T3, T4 and TSH were investigated under sub-lethal toxicities which cause decrease inthe serum T3, T4 and increase in TSH level. It shows significant difference from control fish (p < 0.05)..
Dimethoate
lambda-cyhalothrin
Labeo rohita
LC50 value
Thyroid hormone
2014
10
01
1085
1092
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_802_8035619d4a239eaa7864d5d835eb15e3.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Investigation on Possible Contamination of Port Sediments by Means of ATRFTIR Spectroscopy and Thermal Analysis
F.
Oudghiri
J.L.
García-Morales
N.
Allali
M.R.
Rodríguez-Barroso
This study proposes a method employing thermogravimetric analysis (TG) to predict pollutionlevels by heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg) in port sediments close to urban and industrial sitesfrom bay of Cádiz. For this purpose, the thermogravimetric results of 14 sediment samples were recorded andshowed two characteristic ranges of temperatures (W1 as weight loss, %: 200-650°C) vs. (W2 as weight loss,%: 650-900°C) as being representative of the sediment characteristics. Samples with a high W1 were characterizedby the prevalence of a thin fraction and high metal content, while samples with a high W2 were characterizedby large sandy fractions and, in general, low metal contents in agreement with the pollution load index (PLI).Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis proved to be an alternative tool for thesimultaneous detection of many components of sediments. Combined with TG, this technique allows forsimultaneous, rapid and reliable screening of pollution levels in port sediments.
ATR-FTIR
Pollution load index
Port sediments
Thermogravimetric
weight loss
2014
10
01
1093
1104
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_803_1597c722c9f23a59da6e5646d3b452d6.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Evaluation of Pollution Intensity in Different Districts of Tehran Based on Measuring Chlorophyll, Plumb and Cadmium Heavy Metal Contents in Trees
S.
Ali Ahmad Korori
M.
Matinizadeh
A.
Shirvany
E.
Madani Mashaei
T.
Talebi Khorabadi
S.M.
Monemian
E.
Abdi
Plane and Mulberry trees play a crucial role in purifying the polluted air in Tehran as a majorcity. In this research, 13 main districts of Tehran city were chosen as study area. 20 completely healthy Planeand Mulberry species were selected in similar ecological conditions and age range. The uptake of Cd and Pbwas determined using Spectrophotometry, whereas the Chlorophyll content was measured applying ICPmethod. The statistical results of Chlorophyll data put the Mulberry and Plane trees of the studied districtinto 9 classes (Dunkan statistical test). The statistical results put the studied districts in terms of amount ofPb uptake in 3 classes for Plane trees and in 5 classes for Mulberry trees. The districts were classified in 5classes for plane trees and in 4 classes for Mulberry trees in terms of amount of Cd uptake. In general, theuptake content of Cd and Pb is higher in Plane trees in comparison with Mulberry ones. In other words, Planetrees are more sensitive to the uptake of contaminants than Mulberry trees. Finally, GIS maps were designedshowing the average uptake of contaminates in each district.
Plane tree
Mulberry tree
Phytoremediation
Tehran
Contaminants
2014
10
01
1105
1114
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_804_014b76555c531d95b390d10dcfbfc16d.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
A Land-use Spatial Allocation Model Based on Modified Ant Colony Optimization
Y.L.
Liu
D.W.
Tang
X.S.
Kong
Y.F.
Liu
T.H.
Ai
Land-use spatial allocation is a multi-objective collaborative spatial optimization methodfor rational use of the land use. Based on global search capabilities and the information feedbackmechanism of ant colony optimization (ACO), a land-use spatial allocation model (ACO-LA) isproposed. FirstlyFirst, a construction graph is built for modeling the land-use spatial allocationproblem. SecondlySecond, the behaviors of artificial ants are improved so that the solution can befoundobtained quickly in the searchingsearch space. Finally, the ant colony generates optimizedsolutions by reconciling the conflicts between different planning objectives or by setting the relativedominance of different land-use types. Our study focuses on Gaoqiao Town of Fuyang City inZhejiang Province, China. The model maximizes the land-use suitability and spatial compactness,and minimizes the cost of changing the land use, based on a variety of constraints, e.g., the optimalland-use structure and land-use policies. The results suggest that this model can obtain an optimizedland-use spatial pattern from different sets of sub-objective weights and different developmentscenarios. With the constraint of the land-use structure, the land-use types can be distributed morereasonably by different sets of sub-objective weights. In different development scenarios, the modelencourageencourages areas of land-use types in line with the development direction, adapting tomeet different development needs by setting the relative dominance of the different land-use types,Wdominance, which is added to the component selection probability Pij.
Land-use spatial allocation
ACO
Construction graph
Solution component
Scenario simulation
2014
10
01
1115
1126
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_805_f9112205873bd35159c01c1060676443.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Comparative Studies on the Bioremediation of Hexavalent and Trivalent Chromium using Citrobacter freundii: Part I-Effect of parameters controlling Biosorption
P.
Divyasree
J.J.
Braun
S.
Subramanian
The potential of Citrobacter freundii, a Gram negative bacteria for the remediation of hexavalentchromium (Cr(VI)) and trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) from aqueous solutions was investigated. Bioremediationof Cr(VI) involved both biosorption and bioreduction processes, as compared to only biosorption processobserved with respect to Cr(III) bioremediation. In the case of Cr(VI) bioremediation studies, about 59 %biosorption was achieved at an equilibrium time of 2 h, initial Cr(VI) concentration of 4 mg/L, pH 1 and abiomass loading of 5x1011 cells/mL. The remainder, 41 %, was found to be in the form of Cr(III) ions owing tobioreduction of Cr(VI) by the bacteria resulting in the absence of Cr(VI) ions in the residue, there by meetingthe USEPA specifications. Similar studies were carried out using Cr(III) solution for an equilibrium time of 2h, Cr(III) concentration of 4 mg/L, pH 3 and a biomass loading of 6.3x1011 cells/mL, wherein a maximumbiosorption of about 30 % was achieved.
Biosorption
bioreduction
Hexavalent chromium
Trivalent chromium
Citrobacter freundii
2014
10
01
1227
1134
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_829_1c077e7c812e8769ddd716d440a3728f.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity Reconstruction from Geochemical Tracers of a Massive Coral in the Persian Gulf
F.
Forouzan
F.
Ghazban
M.
Ardestani
The δ18O, δ13C, and strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca)-record was measured from a 7-year old Platygyrasinensis coral located offshore Larak Island in the Persian Gulf at a resolution of 22 samples/year. An increasedsampling resolution of 55 samples/year over two annual cycles was also compared with the 22 sampleresolution to evaluate the effectiveness of the sampling procedure. The resulting data exhibited identicalresults between the two methods. By means of previously reported equations, Sr/Ca-derived sea surfacetemperatures (SST) ranged between 17 to 30 °C, with an average of 24.7 °C. The inter-annual variability in thePlatygyra sinensis indicated a significant correlation with COADS data. In addition, the relation between theδ18O in Platygyra sinensis coral and the Sr/Ca-estimated SST data was assessed. Subtracting the Sr/Ca-basedSST values from the δ18O of the coral, the δ18O of water was calculated. These data were then used to constructranges of sea surface salinity (SSS) in the region.
Coral
Persian Gulf
temperature
salinity
Geochemical tracers
2014
10
01
1135
1144
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_807_f1a3ab6bb72a826d79b5e24270f870c9.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Groundwater Resources using GIS Techniques- Case Study of Hyderabad, India
H.B.
Wakode
K.
Baier
R.
Jha
S.
Ahmed
R.
Azzam
Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing Indian megacities which have significant impact on itsenvironment. The surface and groundwater resources are severely affected by uncontrolled expansion anddensification of the city. For the better understanding, recovery and to prevent future deterioration of thesesignificance resources, it is necessary to have knowledge of the impact of urban growth in various ways onenvironment. Historical groundwater level and quality data obtained from different sources as well as by fieldstudy data is used for this analysis. In some cases missing data points were interpolated and verified byproviding certain criteria. The map of rate of groundwater level change per year showed the locations ofrecharge activity by sewage and other effluents as well as overexploitations by industrial and some uppermiddle class residential areas. The results obtained from groundwater quality analysis are then compared withthe BIS (Bureau of India) as well as WHO (World Health Organization) standards for drinking water. It hadbeen observed that many water samples had heavy metal elements and bacterial formation above permissiblelimits and it is not suitable for drinking purpose. The water samples obtained from locations which do notqualify for drinking water use according to WHO as well as BIS standards are identified. These results are thenoverlapped with map of rate of groundwater level change to establish the relation between urban groundwaterrecharge and its effect on groundwater quality.
Groundwater pollution
Groundwater level change
Groundwater quality
Urban recharge
Hyderabad
India
2014
10
01
1145
1158
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_808_b3e50b881c7a405ea855425fd6099337.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Case study of PAHs, Me-PAHs, PCBs,Phthalates and Pesticides Contamination in the Somme River water, France
S.
Net
D.
Dumoulin
R.
El-Osmani
S.
Rabodonirina
B.
Ouddane
Surface waters, especially natural rivers always act as receiving waters for various kinds oforganic contaminants from municipal and industrial wastewaters, agricultural activities, organic chemicals inuse, non-point source pollutions. Due to their toxicity, persistency and wide diffusion, polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their alkylatedhomologues (Me-PAHs) are among the organic contaminants the most often monitored in the environment.Determination of the contamination level is the crucial first step of environmental research. Field investigationshave clearly demonstrated their importance on various studies on the contamination levels, the origin, andimpact of contaminants in the aquatic ecosystems. The present paper is an effort on the field studies focusingon persistent organic pollutants: PCBs, PAHs and Me-PAHs, phthalates and pesticides in Somme River waterlocated on Northern France. The sampling zone is characterized by fields of agriculture surrounding urbanizedand industrialized areas and constitutes a place embedded with strong fishing activities. However, the riversection of interest is also known for the high levels of PCB in sediments. The water were analyzed for 28PCBs, 16 PAHs and 18 Me-PAHs, 6 phthalates and 28 pesticides with the aim to determine the dispersiontrend and the water quality of the sampled water.
PAHs
Me-PAHs
Phthalates
PCBs
Pesticides
LLE
GC-MS
Somme River
2014
10
01
1159
1170
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_809_24fc56c34d8b0f38ffc5b152c55c28bb.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Development of NiO-Co3O4 nano-ceramic composite materials as novel photocatalysts to degrade organic contaminants present in water
M.
Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq
A.
Samson Nesaraj
Novel ceramic oxides have been increasingly focused in recent years because of their potentialapplications in environmental purification especially to treat organic contaminants present in water. In thisresearch work, a set of NiO-Co3O4 nano-ceramic composite materials were prepared by a simple refluxcondensation method using nickel acetate / cobalt acetate as precursor salts, sodium monododecyl sulphate(SDS) as a surfactant and N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. The prepared nano-ceramic compositeswere calcined at different temperatures such as 200, 400, 600 and 800oC for 2 hours each to get the phase pureproduct. XRD results revealed that all the samples indexed to a cubic crystalline geometry. The presence ofmetal-oxygen bond (Ni-O and Co-O) was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The presence of Ni, Co and O inthe sample was confirmed by EDAX analysis. The existence of particles in nanometer range was shown bySEM. The particle size analysis by light scattering method also confirmed the particles in nanometer range(approximately 270 nm) in all the three samples. The optical behavior of the materials was studied by UV-Visand PL spectrophotometer. Photocatalytic activity studies carried out with NiO-Co3O4 (1.0:1.0) nano-ceramiccomposites in presence of organic dyes such as, rhodamine B and methyl orange dyes under UV lightirradiation (for two hours) resulted in the degradation of 77% and 84% respectively.
NiO-Co3O4 nano-ceramic
Reflux
photocatalytic
degradation
Organic
Dyes
water
2014
10
01
1171
1184
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_810_5a31a65b2e75c57051b5f294190a8022.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Environmental good Practices, Quality Certifications and Productivity in the Andalusian Hotel Sector
A.
Garcia-Pozo
J.L.
Sanchez-Ollero
A.
Marchante-Mera
Recent studies have shown that firms that have adopted environmental standards and thosethat have obtained official quality certifications achieve higher labour productivity than firms that have notdone so. Unlike previous studies, this paper analyzes the combined effect of implementing environmentalgood practices and obtaining quality certifications on apparent labour productivity using a sample of 106hotels in Andalusia (Spain). To this end, a descriptive analysis and an econometric estimation of a productionfunction were conducted based on data obtained from the Quality, Productivity and Competitiveness in theHospitality Industry for Andalusia project. We applied a standard Cobb-Douglas production function to thisdata, and extended the function by introducing an indicator of the implementation of good environmentalpractice by hotels and four different types of quality certifications as additional explanatory variables. Theeconometric results indicate that labour productivity increases only when both the Q-mark is awarded andenvironmental good practices are implemented (by 18.74% and 7.51%, respectively). In conclusion, thepositive response of consumers towards improving environmental and quality measures may be an incentiveto invest in these measures.
Environmental good practices
Quality certifications
productivity
Andalusia
2014
10
01
1185
1194
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_811_12d547cc3970f99c016859f2c5ac76ec.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Introducing an Integrated Monitoring System for Natural Ecosystems: The Example of Strofilia Wetlands in Western Peloponnese, Greece
G.
Georgiadis
S.
Spanou
I.
Kokkoris
A.
Tiniakou
Th.
Georgiadis
Nowadays the science of remote sensing and satellite data, constitute modern scientific tools,as they provide important information and make research easier in many scientific fields. This research articlepresents an integrated system for continuous monitoring of the vegetation and the human impact on the Natura2000 protected areas of Strofilia Forest and Kotychi lagoon (Natura 2000 codes: GR 232001 and GR233006respectively) with contemporary methods of remote Sensing and Telemetry. More specifically, aerialphotographs and still images obtained from the Landsat satellite were used for visualization of spectralsignatures and detection of changes in vegetation and land-uses. Water quality data was checked via sensorsmeasuring hydrological parameters in order to detect temporal changes. Finally, an on-line database system,whose main structural characteristics are illustrated in this paper, was created to assist field work and helpdata collection and assessment. The efficiency and accuracy of this type of monitoring for the conservation ofnatural environment is discussed.
Biomonitoring
Natura 2000
Wetlands
Greece
remote sensing
Database
2014
10
01
1195
1202
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_812_b04c7cece5e1a27a07e9878b953aab73.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Estimating Sediment-water P exchange in Lake Rio Verde (Paraná State, Brazil)
C.
Carneiro
P.
Kelderman
J.H.
Kondageski
K.
Irvine
Monthly and annual water and phosphorus mass budgets were set up over the year 2010 for theLake Rio Verde, Brazil. Limited data for the water budget was compensated using an interpolation methodwith data water budget data of a nearby reservoir. Thus, errors of ca. 1.5% were estimated for the waterbudgets. Dominant P mass input terms were inflows from the rivers and direct run off into the reservoir. Mainoutput terms were P outflow via rivers and industrial water abstraction. Equalizing the P inputs and outputsleads to a sediment phosphorus uptake term were estimated at 35% of the annual P inflow, but with a possibleweak correlation between monthly P sediment/water exchange and monthly precipitation figures. Sedimentcharacteristics likely play an important role in the P sediment-water exchange. High concentrations of P insediment pore water, and seasonal reductions in the oxidized surface layer of sediment suggests reduction ofthe potential of the sediment to retain P under current and likely, increased, P loads to the reservoir. Futuremanagement of the reservoir, therefore, requires continued monitoring and catchment management to mitigatenutrient both point source and diffuse loads. This necessitates an integrated approach to reduce pressures onthe reservoir. Failure to address potential problems can lead to reduced water quality, with associated increasedtreatment costs for water supply.
Water budget
Mass budget
phosphorus
sediment
Internal loading
2014
10
01
1203
1214
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_813_75b0a210c97f21d6107f3e21bf5520b1.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
New Strategy for a good Management and Control of Pollution Caused by urban Traffic
M.
Gómez
D.
Hidalgo
Pollution control is based on correctly measuring pollutant concentrations but, at the moment,the principal European cities only monitor pollution levels by means of a few fixed stations co-located inselected points of the urban layout far from hotspots and/or by means of meteorological prediction models offuture pollution. Few cities integrate the information from both sources. The implementation of wirelesssensor network provides an alternative solution by deploying a larger number of disposable sensor nodes andit is the key that enable more flexible real-time environmental monitoring. This paper presents a new systemfor sustainable traffic management by using models that predict pollution levels, which are fed with data,gathered by the air quality sensors network and may help to take early action. This new system has beenimplemented in Salamanca (Spain), thus allowing, to test in real urban environments the collection and processingof data from 35 motes located in experimental roads during a year-round period. Monitoring results allowbuilding a database with the temporal evolution of the different environmental indicators registered. In generalthe prediction model has an average error around 20% for predictions at one hour and 30% at three hours. Theresults highlight the very good performance of the prediction model. The strategic approach proposed ishighly innovative and embodies great scientific and technological advances. The use and integration of measuredand modeled data thus becomes a key element in the future management of atmospheric pollution.
pollution control
Sensors network
Sustainable traffic management
2014
10
01
1215
1222
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_828_7e6e3fdce2b9a6a9cdfacd515499bc35.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Evaluating the Performance of Artificial Neural Network Model in Downscaling Daily Temperature, Precipitation and Wind Speed Parameters
A.
Gupta
R.
Vijay
V.K.
Kushwaha
S.R.
Wate
A.
Shiehbeigi
M.
Abbaspour
M.
Soltaniyeh
F.
Hosseinzadeh
Z.
Abedi
Numerous studies yet have been carried out on downscaling of the large-scale climate data usingboth dynamical and statistical methods to investigate the hydrological and meteorological impacts of climatechange on different parts of the world. This study was also conducted to investigate the capability of feedforwardneural network with error back-propagation algorithm to downscale the provincial segmentation ofIran (30 provinces) on a daily scale. This model was proposed for the downscaling daily temperature,precipitation and wind speed data, and it was calibrated and verified by using the daily outputs derived fromthe National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) database including air temperature, air pressure,absolute and relative air humidity, wind speed and direction, and data for the base period (1982-2001) at theselected synoptic station in each province. Correlation and root mean square error (RMSE) coefficients wereused to analyze the performance of the proposed models. These criteria indicated the high accuracy of theproposed models in downscaling of daily temperature parameter rather than precipitation and wind speedparameters.
Climate
downscaling
Neural network (NN)
Iran
2014
10
01
1223
1230
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_814_6245c7ea8cc76b7e3cb81ae7c5615030.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
A new Version of Integrated Assessment Model MERGE
B.V.
Digas
V.L.
Rozenberg
A.A.
Kuklin
The optimization Model for Evaluating Regional and Global Effects of greenhouse gases reductionpolicies named MERGE is an actively usable tool for studying some aspects of the problem of climate change.It is first of all destined for the quantitative estimation of emission trajectories and results of applyingabatement measures. In the paper, the emphasis is on the adaptation of the integrated assessment modelMERGE to the modern state of the world and regional economy and on the analysis of possibilities of Russia’sparticipation in some Kyoto-type initiatives on greenhouse gases emission reduction under differentassumptions on the dynamics of regional economic-energetic indices. Calculations with the MERGE modeldemonstrated the attainability of the national emission targets: stabilizing the carbon dioxide emissions at 75per cent of the 1990 level by 2020 with further reducing to 70 per cent by 2030. Some trends in the structureof energy sector and fossil fuel exports are also analyzed.
Integrated assessment model
Optimization
Economic Development
GHG Emissions
2014
10
01
1231
1240
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_815_a8f893f051d7d3704634b93a2f36b1fc.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Net Flux of Heavy Metals Between Estuarine and Nearshore Environments: A Case Study of the Isipingo Estuary, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
R.K.
Pillay
S.
Pillay
A.
Bissessur
H.
Ballabh
This study examines the transport of seventeen heavy metals between the Isipingo Estuary andthe adjacent sea. Results demonstrate variability of fluxes in terms of prevalence, concentration and seasonality.Summer neap and spring tides had approximately twice the number of heavy metals compared to winter andspring seasons. Spring and winter seasons yielded higher concentrations and a greater number of metals on thespring tides whilst autumn yielded the fewest metals on both tides. Export dominance characterized thesystem and this was evident in the annual fluxes with 14 metals (Al, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, Sr,Ti, V and Zr) being exported while 3 (Cu, Ni and Zn) were imported into the estuary over the four seasons,pointing to potential contamination from marine sources. Whilst human utilization of the catchment is oftenreported as the primary cause of degradation of the Isipingo Estuary, this study demonstrates that some of thecontamination may also originate from the nearshore environment.
Isipingo estuary
Tides
Net flux
Heavy metals
2014
10
01
1241
1250
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_816_e9957d5be8a617d3cef788ebb66d0af7.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Assessment Method for Agricultural Landscapes through the Objective Quantification of Aesthetic Attributes
S.
Zubelzu
C.
del Campo
This paper presents a new approach for assessing agricultural landscapes based on mixturemethods and the study and definition of aesthetic attributes as lines, forms, texture, spatial composition, scaleand color as they are the closest to human perceptual aesthetic attributes. A set of variables capable ofquantifying those attributes in a simple, objective and systematized way will be proposed. They are relatedwith physical dimensions such as length, radium, angle, surface or brightness. People preferences for a specifictype of agricultural landscape have been collected and different regression models between preferences andvariables capable of quantifying attributes have been tried. The optimal model, explaining 82.3% of thevariance in population preferences, selects 41 variables, adopts a linear structure and identifies the color as themost relevant attribute on population preferences and, inside it, green brightness as the most positive influencingvariable on preferences being referred to red gamma the most influencing negative one.
Landscape preferences
Landscape valuation method
Landscape assessment
2014
10
01
1251
1260
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_817_448030927eaaa4ada5bc6f174ae8933f.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Analysis, Assesment and Principal Component Analysis of Heavy Metals in Drinking Waters of Industrialized Region of Turkey
B.
Poyraz
F.
Taspinar
Since they may expose to inorganic pollutants, drinking waters should be investigated andmonitored in industrialized regions. In this study, drinking water samples taken from eight different locationsin heavily industrialized region of Turkey, namely Marmara region, were analyzed to determine heavy metaland harmful trace element (Fe, Co, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, Sb, Cu, Ba, Mo, Cr, Mn and V) concentrations. Besidesanalytical analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) technique, spatial relationships related to thesemetal elements were also examined. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used todetermine the metal concentrations. The average concentrations in ìgL-1 were as follows: Hg. Cd and Co BDL;Pb 0.18 ; Zn 27.32 ; Sb 0.04 ; Cu 6.35 ; Mn 2.15 ; Cr 1.07 ; V 1.86 ; Mo 0.52 ; Ba 35.22 ; Sr 252. The obtainedresults indicated that the heavy metals concentrations in drinking water samples did not exceed the limitsvalues declared in the guidelines of WHO (World Health Organization), EPA (Environment Protection Agency)and TSE-266 (Turkish National Standards). However, some V and Cu concentrations found to be very closeto tolerable limits declared by EPA.
Hazardous element
PCA
drinking water
2014
10
01
1261
1270
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_818_21277282a22e9652d66c0c7e3737ecb9.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Enhanced Bioremediation of Field Agricultural Soils Contaminated with PAHs and OCPs
C.P.
Wang
J.
Li
Y.
Jiang
Z.Y.
Zhang
Effect of different concentrations of ammonium chloride (NCL) and ammonium nitrate (NN)and surfactants such as Tween-80, HPCD and rhamnolipids on the bioremediation of PAHs and OCPs wasinvestigated. The results showed that the best optimum concentration of NCL and NN was 50 g·kg-1, and thePAHs degradation rate during 60 days of remediation was enhanced to 64.6% and 62.8% for NCL and NN,respectively, which was approximately 45, 17, 10% higher than those in the control group, soil only addedmicroorganism, soil added microorganism and tourmaline. OCP removal rates were 51.7% and 50.4 % for NCLand NN, respectively, which was 34% higher than the control group, 14% higher than the soil only addedmicroorganism, 9% higher than the soil added microorganism and tourmaline. The best dose of Tween-80,HPCD and rhamnolipids was 2, 0.5 and 0.2 g·kg-1. When they were applied, the PAHs degradation rate during60 days of remediation was enhanced to 69, 70.4 and 71.5%, respectively, which was approximately 52, 24and 17% than those in the control group, soil only added microorganism, soil added microorganism andtourmaline. Similarly, OCP removal rate was 42, 26 and 16% higher than those in the control group,microorganism -added soil alone, soil added microorganism and tourmaline. Additionally, nutrients and surfactantscan promote the generation of soil hydrogen peroxidase and invertase enzyme. Hence, the present studyprovides a promising combination remediation technology for the remediation of field soils contaminated byPAHs and OCPs.
nutrients
Surfactants
Tourmaline
Soil
Remediation
2014
10
01
1271
1278
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_819_2dda2133a24ef87e9994294e0825b35f.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
A Review on the main Countries’ Environmental Rankings
J.A.
Mondejar-Jimenez
J.L.
Alfaro-Navarro
E.
Andrés-Martínez
A lot of people think that the economic development of a country is associated with its GrossDomestic Product (GDP), but GDP does not consider aspects as important as the environmental performanceof a country. Nowadays, environmental issues are one of the most important aspects of the long termdevelopment of a country and play an important role in a nation’s wealth. Although the analysis of countries’environmental performance is a very novel subject, many researchers are making a significant effort to captureits essence by testing the sustainability of regions. This paper discusses the main proposals developed in theliterature that establish country rankings considering different dimensions in order to measure the sustainabilityor environment. This summary allows us to establish the main differences between proposals and some futureresearch. Furthermore, we analyse the correlation and concordance between the different countries rankingsestablished in the literature. The results reveal clear concordance between proposals.
Concordance
Countries
environment
Ranking
Non-parametric measures
2014
10
01
1279
1286
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_820_f0b591dbc483fc588ac5dd0a4156f626.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Biodegradation of Petroleum Oil by a Novel Bacillus cereus Strain DRDU1 from an Automobile Engine
D.
Borah
R.N.S.
Yadav
Contamination of soil and air due to hydrocarbon is a global issue and bioremediation providesprobably the best way to remediate the contaminants. The current study shows the biodegradation of crudeoil, diesel and used engine oil by a newly isolated Bacillus cereus strain DRDU1 from an automobile engine.Hydrocarbon degrading strains were screened on BH (Bushnell and Haas broth) agar supplemented with 2%(v/v) of used engine oil as sole carbon source. The strain was found to be degrading 77%, 67%, and 16% ofdiesel, crude oil, and used engine oil respectively after 28 days under nitrogen and phosphorus stressedcondition. It was increased significantly up to 99%, 84% and 29% in presence of nitrate and phosphatesupplements. Degradation was confirmed both gravimetrically and by gas liquid chromatographic analysis.The strain proves itself a stress tolerating bacteria by withstanding 7% of salinity, 37% of glucose concentrationand 52% of relative humidity. The thermal death point of the strain was found to be 86oC. The significance ofthe study is that the percentage degradation of the complex petroleum supplements used in the study wasfound to be far higher than some of the previously reported values.
Bacillus cereus strain DRDU1
Complex hydrocarbon
Degradation of complex petroleum oil
2014
10
01
1287
1294
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_821_c89d557265f7b4b868ef3a99b79ba11f.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Use of the Cactus Cladodes Mucilage (Opuntia Ficus Indica) As an Eco-Friendly Flocculants: Process Development and Optimization using Stastical Analysis
F.
Bouatay
F.
Mhenni
The Opuntia ficus indica mucilage was an abundant and a low cost product. In the presentpaper, it was tested as an eco-friendly flocculants for textile waste water treatment. Its performance asflocculants in decolorization, COD removal and turbidity abatement was checked. The natural product wascharacterized using UV-Vis and Infra-Red spectroscopy. The study of the effect, followed by an optimizationand modeling analysis, of some experimental parameters on the coagulation-flocculation performance, usingcactus mucilage combined with aluminum sulfate (as a coagulant), showed that the best conditions for flocculationprocess were given for a pH equal to 7.25, flocculants dose of about 40 mg/L, flocculation mixing speed ofabout 30rpm and flocculation mixing time of about 11min. This gives a decolorization equal to 99.84%, CODremoval of about 88.76% and turbidity abatement of about 91.66%. The comparison between the flocculationperformance of commercial flocculants and the bio-flocculants agent exhibited that the latter has the highestpollution removal.
Opuntia ficus indica
Bio-flocculants
Optimal conditions
Flocculation performance
Statistical analysis
2014
10
01
1295
1308
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_822_15a052324d6b84181184bdd275322bb6.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Public Participation Role in Sustainable Urban Management by Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM)
Sh.
Shiehbeiki
M.
Abbaspour
S.M.
Monavari
R.
Arjmandi
A.
Lahijanian
Public participation is counted as one of the main indexes in sustainable urban management.Based on their nature, metropolitan cities has several and complex problems. For this purpose Tehranmetropolitan area is selected. Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) weighted through a made-byresearcherquestionnaire. The reliability of the model was verified by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Evaluationmatrix for internal and external factors was equal to 1.944 and 3.413, respectively. The strategies wereclassified and prioritize by quantitative matrix. Suitable strategies for Tehran city are as follows: developing astrategic plan in field of social control participatory management for Tehran city; changing managementapproach from a traditional pattern into a modern one in Tehran’s urban management system and making urbanmangers required to respond to people’s demands; facilitating conditions of non-governmental (NGOs’)registration and activities affairs, especially those related to the field of urban environment; educating citizensin order to create citizens’ demands and improving its legal position; empowering non-governmental (NGOs)and community-based organizations in a social-based manner and establishing citizens’ advisory committees(CACs); developing and equipping neighborhood houses and supporting successful and superior plans inmanagement of neighborhoods; creating and improving the electronic city’s infrastructures and designing thecontrol system and virtual participation; developing legal mechanisms so as to handle what citizens ask urbanmanagement to do; educating and promoting urban management officials’ and managers’ level of environmentalknowledge; patterning of superior examples of participatory urban environmental management; distributingthe power through transferring municipality’s authorities to regions’ and neighborhoods’ citizens.
strategic
Planning
QSPM
Management
Public Participation
2014
10
01
1309
1314
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_823_a6dbd41bba0dfc4f5a5579dff4e413ea.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Impact of the Anthropogenisation on the Metal Bioaccumulation and Distribution in the Spiny-Cheek Crayfish (Orconectes limosus Raf.) from Lake Gop³o, Poland
M.
Stanek
J.
Dąbrowski
J.
D³ugosz
B.
Janicki
This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of metals in the muscle and exoskeletonof the crayfish Orconectes limosus in order to compare them with other species of crayfish and crustaceans.In addition, we analyzed the correlation between the concentrations of the same element in the exoskeleton andthe meat and different elements accumulated in the same tissue. Crayfish individuals were acquired in spring(May 2012) from Lake Gop³o. Individuals with damaged claws were not analyzed. Due to the relatively lowamounts of meat that was obtained from the abdomen of individual crayfish, material from individuals with asimilar body length was combined; thus, there were ten samples of meat and the exoskeleton obtained on thewhole. The muscle samples (about 12 g) were freeze dried in a Finn-Aqua Lyovac GT2 freeze dryer (Finland).Three replicates of each freeze-dried sample were acid digested with 1 ml of concentrated HNO3 and 1 cm3H2O2. Metal analyses were performed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)with a Perkin-Elmer Optima 8300 spectrometer. The analyses revealed that the mean metals concentrations(mg·kg-1) in the meat of the crayfish and in the exoskeleton were in the following order (Zn (115.571) > Mn(18.825) > Cu (17.226) > Ni (15.472) > Pb (3.535) > Cr (0.769) > Co (0.551) > Cd (0.315) > Hg (0.138)) and(Mn (111.640) > Zn (11.355) > Ni (8.165) > Pb (6.695) > Co (0.595) > Cu (0.575) > Cd (0.379) > Cr (0.195)> Hg (0.0168)), respectively.
Crayfish
Exoskeleton
Meat
Metals
2014
10
01
1315
1322
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_824_b550b2a88f79a2557220b09c8f9b453e.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
The Wastes Utility in Concrete
A.
Arshad
I.
Shahid
U.H.C.
Anwar
M.N.
Baig
S.
Khan
K.
Shakir
The Marble Slurry Wastes (MSW) produced by marble industry is left unattended in theenvironment which causes serious environmental problems. In order to evaluate its potential usage in normal1:2:4 concrete, this study was designed, where the partial replacement of cement with MSW was examined.Replacement of cement with MSW from 0 to 100%, and also its usage as an additive material 10% and 20% byweight of cement were the main objectives of this study. Various laboratory tests, like compressive strengthtest, splitting tensile test and slump test were conducted by using local available MSW. The primary chemicalcomposition of the MSW indicated that it contains high contents, nearly 97% of lime (CaO). The laboratoryresults show that cement in structural concrete can be replaced by MSW up to 7% safely. The compressiveand splitting tensile strength of concrete was observed to be increased by 15% and 6% by the addition of 10%MSW. A similarly increase in strength was also observed by adding the 20% of MSW additionally to thenormal 1:2:4 concrete. However, by the addition of MSW in concrete, its slump strength i.e., its workabilityis found to be reduced.
Marble powder
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Slump
2014
10
01
1323
1328
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_825_f0b45235e1904ee2600d65f3d6f34d22.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Ship Emissions and Their Externalities at the Container Terminal of Piraeus – Greece
A.
Kilic
E.
Tzannatos
Ship exhaust emission inventories and their associated externalities constitute valuableinformation resources towards policy making and management of the influence exerted by shipping on airquality. To this extent, the container terminal at the Greek Port of Piraeus by virtue of its shipping significanceand its urbanised character was selected in order to provide an estimation of the emissions produced by theship activity within the terminal and to monetarise their adverse effects upon the environment and the localpopulation in particular. With reference to the year 2006, the relevant annual emission inventory generatedduring in-port ship manoeuvring and at berth was found to be equal to 16,104 tons, divided into 294, 264,15,504, 16.5 and 26.4 tons of NOx, SO2, CO2, HC and PM, respectively. The overall damage of theseemissions was estimated to be around 7.5 million euro, comprised by 2.15, 3.35, 0.6, 0.003 and 1.35 millioneuro of NOx, SO2, CO2, HC and PM, respectively. The findings of this work, along with similar studiesrecently conducted in neighbouring locations, provide useful information towards the completion of a detailedand accurate picture of ship exhaust emissions and their externalities within the region of the easternMediterranean.
Maritime
Shipping
air pollution
Emission
Environmental Costs
2014
10
01
1329
1340
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_826_184f5f3c2ff5822fb1dfd8e618402340.pdf
International Journal of Environmental Research
1735-6865
1735-6865
2014
8
4
Determinants of Public Forest Management Decisions:The Calares Delmundo and Sima Natural Park (SPAIN)
R.
Bernabéu
A.
Samos
Public authorities should assess what recreational services can be offered citizens visitingaprotected natural area. Therefore, the characterisation of visitors as well as the economic valuation of apark’srecreational use would allow the proposal of management strategies to satisfy visitors. For this purpose,410 surveys were taken of visitors to the CalaresdelMundoandSimaNatural Park (Spain). The results showedtwo segments of visitors. The first segment is better informed about topics related to the environment and hasa higher educational level and higher monthly family income. However, they are willing to pay less to enter thepark (3.70€). Meanwhile the visitors from the second segment are more conscientious about environmentalproblems andare familiar with other natural areas.They are willing to pay more for park entrance (4.61€), eventhough they have lower incomes, because they value the scenic beauty of the park and particularly, thesingularity of the waterfall and the source of the Mundo River.
Natural Areas
Visitor Life Styles
Contingent Valuation
Maximum Willingness to Pay
Castile-La Mancha
2014
10
01
1341
1348
https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_827_2c095f477ac5ca87591dab833070b313.pdf