@article { author = {Adeyemi, A.O}, title = {Biological Immobilization of lead from lead sulphide by Aspergillus Niger and Serpula Himantioidesl}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {477-482}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.62}, abstract = {The abilities of Aspergillus niger and Serpula himantioides to immobilize lead (Pb) from lead sulphide (PbS) were investigated. Upon growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with PbS which contained 10mM Pb, no visible solubilization activity was detected. A. niger produced biomass in greater quantity compared to S. himantiodes in both experimental and control media. With a ratio of 1.13, A. niger growth was stimulated on PbS-amended media while that of S. himantiodes, with a growth ratio of 0.46 was inhibited. Despite its smaller biomass, S. himantiodes accumulated over five times more Pb than A. niger with 85.7 ± 4.9 µmol of Pb per g of dry weight while A. niger contained 14.6 ± 1.3 µmol of Pb per g of its dry weight. Both fungi immobilized Pb through the formation of crystalline precipitates and energy dispersive x-ray analysis revealed the precipitates to be Pb containing. This transformation is of importance in the weathering of metal- bearing rocks as mineral neogenesis.}, keywords = {Galena,lead,Aspergillus niger,Serpula himantioides,immobilization}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_62.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_62_7ea6e7d0034802e9943e3e744c2ea974.pdf} } @article { author = {Ishiuchi, T. and Koyanagi, T. and Kuwahara, Y. and Yonekura, T.}, title = {Comparative Research of Survey Results on the Usage Patterns of Traditional Garden between Japan and Austria}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {483-492}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.63}, abstract = {This study compares differences between Japan and Austria as regarding outdoor activities. We conducted a survey with respect to the utility patterns of Kairakuen Garden in Mito city, Ibaraki prefecture, which is one of the three major historical gardens in Japan noted for its beauty. This paper compares the results of our survey with a study of the recreational and spatial utility of the historical Schönbrunn Garden in Vienna, Austria, a baroque garden of the former Emperor of Austria. Therefore, both Japan and Austria universities examined the same questionnaire items such as where visitors are from, importance of motives of visiting, and wandering behavior at each gardens. Here, in this paper, common motives of visitors in both gardens are discovered. In addition, there were similarities between Kairakuen Garden and Schönbrunn Garden in that the citizens of Vienna frequently tends to avoid the routes that are used by many sightseers, and which can be observed also with the most local residents of Mito visiting the Kairakuen Garden.}, keywords = {Historical garden,Visitor structure,Purpose of visit,Wandering behavior,Motive of visit}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_63.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_63_670c89b5764f5dcbbc3a8bbf90646e86.pdf} } @article { author = {Pijanowski, B.C and Tayyebi, A. and Delavar, M.R. and Yazdanpanah, M.J.}, title = {Urban Expansion Simulation Using Geospatial Information System and Artificial Neural Networks}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {493-502}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.64}, abstract = {Urban Expansion Model (UEM) was adapted to simulate urbanization which implements Geospatial Information Systems (GIS), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Remote Sensing (RS). Two satellite imageries with specific time interval, socio-economic and environmental variables have been employed in order to simulate urban expansion. Socio-economic and environmental variables were used as inputs while construction and non- construction areas were used as outputs to train the neural network. Calibration of proposed model was performed with area under the ROC Curve (AROC) and Kappa Statistic (KS) which are non-shape performance metric. A real-life case study of Tehran Metropolitan Area (TMA) is presented to demonstrate the process. This paper presents a version of the UEM which parameterized for TMA and explores how factors such as road, building area, service centre, green space, elevation, aspect and slope can influence urbanization. Having urban expansion model with specific time interval and assuming the existence of the same rate of urbanization, new construction areas of region can be predicted. The overall accuracy of the model to predict new construction areas was 80% and 78% with AROC and KS, respectively.}, keywords = {Urban Expansion Model,Geospatial Information System,Artificial Neural Network,remote sensing,Satellite Imagery,Classification}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_64.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_64_80eb548a103046e304fa36957aaf42e3.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmed, T.A. and Al-Hajri, H.H}, title = {Effects of Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sea Water Irrigation on Soil and Plant Characteristics}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {503-510}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.65}, abstract = {The increasing need for water in the arid areas of the world has resulted in the emergence of wastewater application for agriculture and landscape. Using treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation can provide more adequate supply of high quality water for human consumption, but their heavy metal applications effect must be regulated to ensure no physiological problems for both the plant and its consumer. The objective of the present research was to study the effects of treated wastewater on soil chemical properties and plant growth characteristics as well as accumulation of heavy metals in plant tissues. This research was conducted at Qatar university greenhouse in the growing season of 2007. Treated wastewater was obtained from Abu Nakhala pond in Doha City, Qatar. The soil was a mixture of sand and clay with ratio of (1:1). Two crop plants were used in this study; grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). Plants were irrigated with four different mixtures of wastewater and sea water (1:0, 1:1, 3:1, and 0:1) in addition to potable water as a control. The accumulation of salts and heavy metals in the soil as well as concentration of the nutrients and heavy metal accumulation in the plant tissues were determined at the end of the experiment. Cr, Mn and Zn showed significant differences between soil irrigated with portable tap water and other irrigation treatments. On the other hand, Al, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, As, Cd and Pb did not show significant differences among the irrigation water treatments. Sorghum soils have significantly less concentration of Co, Cu and As compared to that of Sunflower soils. Sorghum was found to accumulate significantly higher concentration of Mn and Zn (72.47 and 92.00 mg/L, respectively) than that of Sunflower. On the other hand, Sunflower has significantly higher concentration of Cr compared to that of Sorghum.}, keywords = {Wastewater,Irrigation,Soil,Plant,Heavy metals,environment}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_65.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_65_3a61ef3ebd82dfbcf37473a557e28ee3.pdf} } @article { author = {Nwabanne, J.T. and Onukwuli, O.D. and Ifeakandu, C.M.}, title = {Biokinetics of Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Waste}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {511-516}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.66}, abstract = {A study of the biokinetics of anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste (MSW) was carried out using anaerobic batch digester. From the experimental results, the kinetic parameters (coefficient values) of the digestion of the MSW were determined. The maximum rate of substrate utilization (K), saturation constant (Ks), endogenous decay coefficient (Kd), biomass Yield or microbial growth yield (Y) and maximum specific growth rate (μmax) were found to be 0.144 day -1, 21.23 mg/L, 0.038 day -1, 0.367, and 0.053 day -1 respectively. These values indicate that practical digesters for MSW will require inoculation of the feed with microorganism to increase the rate of digestion. The biokinetics of anaerobic digestion of MSW was well described by first order kinetic model.}, keywords = {Anaerobic digestion,Municipal Solid Waste,Biokinetics}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_66.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_66_e0d929a16e122bf559808edd3f328aaf.pdf} } @article { author = {Chang, F.H. and Li, Y.Y. and Tsai, C.Y. and Yang, C.R.}, title = {Specific Indoor Environmental Quality Parameters in College Computer Classrooms}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {517-524}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.67}, abstract = {The indoor environmental quality parameters, including temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, particulate matter concentration, illumination level, sound level, carbon dioxide concentration and ventilation rate in two computer classrooms and one general classroom were evaluated. Analytical results reveal average carbon dioxide concentration in the three classrooms during daytime classes was 785"1681 ppm. These values exceeded the exposure limits for indoor air quality suggested by the Environmental Protection Administration of the Republic of China, Taiwan (ROCEPA). The particulate matter concentration in the general classroom was 0.087 mg/m3, which exceeded the indoor air quality exposure limit for Type-1 venues recommended by the ROCEPA. Illumination level in the two computer classrooms was 386 and 176 Lux; these values are far lower than the illumination level for school classrooms suggested by Ministry of Education, Taiwan. Indoor sound levels in the three classrooms during non-class (51.4"61.9 dB(A) and class times (61.0"73.6 dBA exceeded the limit recommended by the Ministry of Education, Japan. The ventilation rates for the three classrooms were 0.41"0.65 h-1; such low ventilation rates were likely responsible for the very high indoor carbon dioxide concentrations in the three classrooms during class periods. These analytical results indicate schools should examine the efficacy of air-conditioning equipment in classrooms, particularly computer classrooms. Schools should also pay attention to ventilation rates and sound levels. Due to the poor ventilation rates in computer classrooms, this study suggests that problems arisen from the accumulation of specific toxicants dispersed by computer equipment, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers, need further investigations.}, keywords = {Indoor environmental quality,Ventilation rate,Indoor air quality}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_67.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_67_f25afcc0d5549942e43fd5726f569bd5.pdf} } @article { author = {Lepetu, J. and Alavalapati, J. and Nair, P.K.}, title = {Forest Dependency and Its Implication for Protected Areas Management: A case Study From Kasane Forest Reserve, Botswana}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {525-536}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.68}, abstract = {Conservation of biodiversity in protected areas will be more challenging if local communities are heavily dependent on them for various products and subsistence needs. This study estimated forest dependency and identified factors influencing dependency for households living around Kasane Forest Reserve (KFR). Data collected from 237 households were analyzed using logistic regression model. Logistic regression suggests that forest dependency is positively and significantly associated with family size. However asset rich households were less dependent on forest resources. Thus, policy makers need to consider the needs and economic options with the above components as an alternative strategy for forest protection so as to create a win-win relationship between conservation and local rural development options. Apart from the biological threats of the forest such as fire and elephant damage, large areas of the forest (about 3060 hectares) have already been de-gazette for residential purposes of the Kasane town and the expansion of the Kasane airport in 2002.A sustainable management plan should use the forest to pay its own management costs and allow surrounding communities to benefit; hence, they can see the forest reserve as worthy of the protection.}, keywords = {Biodiversity conservation,Forest dependency,Local communities Kasane Forest Reserve,Botswana}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_68.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_68_927d59e361d2e361f583d5fcb3d79c9c.pdf} } @article { author = {Rehman, Z.U. and Farooqi, I.H. and Ayub, S.}, title = {Performance of Biofilter for the Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide Odour}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {537-544}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.69}, abstract = {Laboratory scale experiments were performed to evaluate the feasibility of biofilters for the removal of H2 S from wastewater treatment plant waste air. The effects of changes in air flow rate and contaminant concentration on biofilter performance treating H 2 S odours were also assessed. Compost was used as media in biofilter. The study was carried out in six different phases, by increasing H2S concentrations gradually. In the first phase only humidified air was supplied to acclimatize and develop the biofilm, within the biofilter conditions. In the second phase, inlet H2S concentration was kept up to 10 ppm with the humidified air, H-2S removal efficiency was very high around 98%. It was concluded that the biofilter, used in the study, was more efficient (>95% removal efficiency) for low contaminant concentrations (up to 30 ppm). However, as the concentration of H2S was increased to 50 ppm the removal efficiency decreased to 85%. The study results showed that biofilter could withstand longer starvation period and required less time to recover to its full efficiency. The effect of operating parameter such as moisture content was also assessed. The study revealed that the compost biofilter may be successfully adopted for various industrial operations where a reduction in emissions of H2S is required..}, keywords = {Biofilter,Hydrogen Sulfide,compost,Aerobic sludge,Air pollutant}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_69.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_69_55f55fee2e300bc4463dbd778897a920.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadashiva Murthy, B.M. and Ramesh, H.S. and Mahadevaswamy, M.}, title = {Pollution Migration Study in Subsurface Environment}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {545-556}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.70}, abstract = {The sources of groundwater pollution such as, industrial effluents, sewage and extensive farming have lead to agrochemical pollution. Mathematical modeling helps to analyze the existing situation, allows forecasting, and to evaluate the effects of changes in the surrounding water quality. The present research has been focused mainly towards understanding the various processes affecting the transport of chemicals in soils. Dispersion coefficient for the sandy loam soil was found to be 0.247 m2/d, 0.150 m2/d and 0.01 m2/d for nitrates, phosphates and Chlorpyriphos through column, and 0.337 m2/d, 0.217 m2/d and 0.077 m2/d for nitrates, phosphates and Chlorpyriphos through channel studies, respectively. For similar analysis of the breakthrough curves, dispersion coefficient for the clay soil was found to be 0.0835 m2/d, 0.0632 m2/d and 0.008 m2/d for nitrates, phosphates and Chlorpyriphos through column and 0.147 m2/d , 0.0848m2/d and 0.022 m2/d for nitrates, phosphates and Chlorpyriphos through channel studies, respectively. The one-dimensional analytical model has been used and validated with the experimental data obtained from column and channel studies in sandy loam and clay soils and compared with model output (in which total elimination rate “K” is considered as zero). From this a variation of about 40-60 percent in the leaching characteristics of pollutants was being observed (nitrates, phosphates and chlorpyriphos).}, keywords = {Contaminant,Vadoze zone,Transport,Plume Model,Total Elimination Rate}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_70.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_70_bf071d2759c9c600fe34c88e7de687b8.pdf} } @article { author = {Dabhade, M. A. and Saidutta, M.B. and Murthy, D.V.R.}, title = {Adsorption of Phenol on Granular Activated Carbon from Nutrient Medium:Equilibrium and kinetic Study}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {557-568}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.71}, abstract = {This paper presents the adsorption of phenol on granular activated carbon (GAC) from nutrient medium suitable for roorganisms’ growth and also the subsequent biodegradation. Two parameter Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were studied using large range of phenol concentration (50-1000 mg/L). In low range of phenol concentration (50-300 mg/L), correlation coefficient, normalized deviation “g% and separation factor were 0.9989, 2.18% and 0.38- 0.78 respectively, while for higher concentration range (400-1000 mg/L), the corresponding values were 0.9719, 1.9% and 0.45- 0.67. Freundlich isotherm gave correlation coefficient of 0.9984, 1/n. value of 0.7269 and normalized deviation of 4.55%. Comparison based on R2, adjusted R2, normalized deviation and root mean square deviation (RMSD) showed that the Redke-Prausnitz isotherm model gives better prediction compared to other models. Adsorption of phenol follows pseudo second order kinetics with correlation coefficient closer to one. Biodegradation study using immobilized cells of Nocardia hydrocarbonoxydans on GAC showed that, biodegradation begins well before GAC reaches the saturation period.}, keywords = {activated carbon,Adsorption Isotherm,Normalized deviation,Separation factor,Phenol biodegradation,immobilization}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_71.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_71_dd47810aa92d34991b6365444717d337.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Optimization studies in an Inverse Fluidized Bed Bioreactor for Starch Wastewater Treatment}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {569-574}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.72}, abstract = {A solid – liquid – gas, multiphase reactor, called Inverse Fluidized Bed Bioreactor (IFBBR) was used in this study for the treatment of starch industry wastewater of high organic content and acidic nature. Mixed culture obtained from the sludge, taken from starch industry effluent treatment plant, was used as microorganisms. Experiments were carried out in an Inverse fluidized bed bioreactor, after the formation of biofilm on the surface of low-density particles (Density = 870 kg/m3). Degradation was studied by varying the initial bed height i.e., 40, 60, 80 and 100cm and for various gas flow rates for each initial bed height. From the results it was observed that a maximum COD removal of 94.3% and BOD removal of 81% were achieved in this reactor. It occurs when the bed height is 80 cm for the airflow rate 225 LPH. It was also observed that 70% removal of total solids.}, keywords = {Inverse fluidization,starch,Multiphase reactor,Low density particles,Bed height}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_72.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_72_574a15c5abe95a5ac4666d3713deb932.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Artificial Neural Network Modeling of an Inverse Fluidized Bed Bioreactor}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {575-580}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.73}, abstract = {The application of neural networks to model a laboratory scale inverse fluidized bed reactor has been studied. A Radial Basis Function neural network has been successfully employed for the modeling of the inverse fluidized bed reactor. In the proposed model, the trained neural network represents the kinetics of biological decomposition of organic matters in the reactor. The neural network has been trained with experimental data obtained from an inverse fluidized bed reactor treating the starch industry wastewater. Experiments were carried out at various initial substrate concentrations of 2250, 4475, 6730 and 8910 mg COD/L and at different hydraulic retention times (40, 32, 24, 26 and 8h). It is found that neural network based model has been useful in predicting the system parameters with desired accuracy.}, keywords = {Artificial Neural Network,Inverse fluidized bed,Radial basis,starch,Modeling}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_73.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_73_c0e5afc7266ff5a3dbd36bcea4f3a228.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Characterization and Risk Assessment Studies of Bed Sediments of River Adyar-An Application of Speciation Study}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {581-598}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.74}, abstract = {Fractionation studies on the sediment samples provide valuable information on the nature of the metals bound to the sediments. Thirty three sediment samples of River Adyar were collected during two seasons and speciation study was carried out. The industrial and domestic effluents are directed into the river course at many points in the middle and lower of the Adyar River. To ascertain the extent of heavy metal pollution in the bed sediments of the river, total metal content and speciation were evaluated. The summation of the metal recoveries in the sequential extractions was found to be within +10 % of the total metal content. The mobility factor was evaluated which represents the exchangeable and Carbonate fractions in the sediments. Risk Assessment Code was estimated and the results reveal the extent of risk associated with the heavy metals in the sediments in various stations. The results of speciation shows that Cu and Ni falls in the high risk category at certain stations of the middle and lower part of the river. Except Cr, Fe and Zn, all other heavy metals studied show medium risk with regard to RAC. The effect of monsoon on the concentration of the metals in various fractions had been studied and the significance of seasonal effect is determined using t-test.}, keywords = {Speciation,River Adyar,Risk Assessment,bioavailability,Metals}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_74.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_74_99c727c71803e5ed6c3b48ed7e8571c1.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Microbial Degradation of Natural Rubber Latex by a novel Species of Bacillus sp. SBS25 isolated from Soil}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {599-604}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.75}, abstract = {Bacillus sp. SBS25, a gram positive bacteria isolated from soil was found to be effectivein the biodegradation of natural rubber latex. The products of latex biodegradation were separated from the ether extract by thin layer chromatography. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed the biodegradation of the major compound into three simpler fractions with low molecular weights. This was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. A single band in the control at 2856/cm got split into four subunits such as 2805.45, 2774.12, 2692.40 and 2602.50/cm possibly representing C-H- stretching, the formation of carboxylic acids and hydroxyl stretching respectively. Decrease in the total organic carbon of the medium, accumulation of lipids in the bacterial cell and formation of acids in the extract were also observed during the biodegradation of the natural rubber latex.}, keywords = {Natural rubber latex,Microbial degradation,Bacillus sp. SBS25,cis 1,4 – polyisoprene,Oxidative cleavage,cellular lipids}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_75.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_75_dc66c2b8841e1b5a77c708804fa60c4c.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Removal of Zn+2 ions from aqueous solution using Anabaena variabilis: Equilibrium and Kinetic studies}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {605-616}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.76}, abstract = {Zinc ions are present in different types of industrial effluents, being responsible for environmental pollution. Biosorption is a process in which solids of natural origin are employed for binding heavy metals. It is a promising alternative method to treat heavy metal wastes mainly because of high metal binding capacity. The effect of some important parameters on sorption capacity of cyanobacterial biosorbent for zinc uptake was studied. The optimum conditions pH, time, initialion concentration, adsorbent dose; were found to be 8, 90 mins, 100 ppm and 1gm/100mL respectively.Immobilization of biomass was done in calcium alginate and agar matrices for reuse of biosorbent.Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were applied to equilibrium data of zinc ions biosorption and Freundlich isotherm was found to fit the data. The maximum adsorption capacity was 71.42 mg/g for A. variabilis. The value of value of Kf and n were ranged from 0.4458 to 2.797 and 0.7726 to 2.797 for the cyanobacterial biosorbents. 0.1 M EDTA was used as an eluant and the biosorbent was reused up to five biosorption desorption cycles and percentage desorption of zinc ions was 93 to 84 from first to fifth cycle for the cyanobacterial biosorbents. Fourier transform infra-red analysis of algae with and without biosorption revealed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, amide and imine groups, which were responsible for biosorption of Zn+2 ions. The rate law for a pseudo-secondorder model fits the experimental data with a very high correlation coefficient and it was greater than 0.9771.}, keywords = {Zn+2 ions,Anabaena variabilis,immobilization,Fourier transform infra-red,Isotherms,Biosorption,Pseudo second order}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_76.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_76_9d8e6eac4d2e3452ef6e2f9e272dc463.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Hydrogeochemistry Of Thirumanimuttar Basin: An Indication Of Weathering and Anthropogenic Impact}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {617-628}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.77}, abstract = {A total of 148 groundwater samples were collected from bore wells from Thirumanimuttar sub-basin for two seasons to identify major geochemical process activated to alter groundwater chemistry. The study revealed relationships with the lithology and anthropogenic process. Groundwater in the region was dominated by Na – Ca – Mg and Cl and HCO3 types. The (Ca +Mg) Versus TZ+ plot for both seasons reveals higher Ca and Mg due to leaching due to silicate mineral weathering from aquifer matrix of the study area. The plot for (Na + K) versus TZ+ indicates weathering process of both alkali and alkali earth from feldspars along with additional sources like contribution from alkali/saline soil and residence time. Saturation index of silicate, carbonate and fluoride minerals indicates oversaturation and equilibrium state and sulfate minerals were at undersaturated state during both the seasons. Lithology and Anthropogenic activity plays a significant role in controlling groundwater chemistry of the study area.}, keywords = {Thirumanimuttar,Groundwater,Ion Exchange,Anthropogenic impact,Saturation Index}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_77.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_77_322f8006be416f00013a2852e8c50dbb.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {An Investigation on the Efficiency of Electro kinetic Coupled with Carbon Active Barrier to Remediate Nickel Contaminated Clay}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {629-636}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.78}, abstract = {There have been increasing interests in finding new and innovative solution for removal of contaminants from soils recently. In the present investigation, electro kinetic (EK) process coupled with activated carbon barrier to remove Nickel from kaolinite clayey soil is investigated. Laboratory tests were performed by applying a constant voltage to nominal electric field strength of 1 and 1.25 V/cm with initial Ni concentration (500 mg/kg) for 3 and 7 days. Results revealed that, the coupled technology of EK with barrier when filled with activated carbon could effectively prevent the reverse electro osmotic flow which has adverse effect on the Ni removal from soil. In addition, 20-50% of Nickel migration towards the cathode during the tests was achieved.}, keywords = {activated carbon,Barriers,Electro kinetic,Nickel,Soil remediation,Kaolinite}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_78.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_78_aaa9643a5ffdae99eab0a678d5e57b9e.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Estimating Temporal and Seasonal Variation of Ventilation Coefficients}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {637-644}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.79}, abstract = {The main objective of a research program, whose output is presented here, has been to estimate “Ventilation Coefficients”, a critical parameter in determining air pollution concentration near the surface ground which signifies the ability for natural ventilation of an air shed in an urban or rural area. Relevant measured data from the city of Tehran has been used to calibrate and further demonstrate the validity of the mathematical model developed. Since most polluted mega cities require significant air pollution modeling activities, capable of providing relatively reliable outputs, calculating such highly important parameter is by far the most important outcome of this research. The Ventilation Coefficients have been estimated assuming normal adiabatic lapse rates and utilizing ten-year daily atmospheric radio-sound data. Mean Maximum Mixing Depth, Wind Speed at Mean Maximum Mixing Depth, and the Ventilation Coefficients have been computed and as a result it has been noted that despite the fact that Mean Maximum Mixing Depth peacks in June and Wind Speed at Mean Maximum Mixing Depth reaches its maximum in April, this has caused the Ventilation Coefficient to remain at its peack almost constant over April-June time span. It may also be observed for an urban area such as Tehran, the Ventilation Coefficient stands maximum in spring at 22329.17 m2/s and minimum in fall at 22329.17 m2/s.}, keywords = {Ventilation,Coefficient,Ambient Atmosphere,air pollution,Mixing depth,Modeling}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_79.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_79_67a1237393d02061388a28e6c1f8eb2e.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Effects of noise pollution on traffic policemen}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {645-652}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.80}, abstract = {Noise pollution can be considered as the most important problem of urban environmental management in mega metropolises and urban transportation is the main source of the mentioned problem. This study aims to investigate the amount of traffic noise dose received by traffic policemen in Tehran; District 1 Municipality. The investigation was conducted during three consecutive months in 2007 in 282 locations of the main streets of studied district which are known for its heavy traffic, as well as population flow. In order to measure the noise volume, pre-calibrated Cell – 450 and Quest – 2900 sound level meters were used. Regarding to noise dosimeter, 158 cases were measured using a dosimeter Cell-320. For this purpose, Leq, L10, Lmax and Lmin indicators were used. The results showed that the Leq average during peak traffic load hours and in the least traffic conditions was 77.2 ± 2.1 and 64.5 ± 2.2 dB, respectively which were higher than the acceptable levels (55dB). Moreover, the statistical results showed the significant differences between light and heavy traffic conditions and also the direct effect of heavy traffic on noise pollution, also it was shown that vehicles traffic is the main source of the produced noise pollution. The study created a related questionnaire which evaluated the traffic policemen behavior from them and their relative’s point of views. The results showed that noise pollution has damaging effects on their behavioral conditions and also, on their personal assessment. The policemen believed their psychological disorders and their relative had also the same opinion. This study attempted to show that noise pollution in metropolises such as Tehran is a serious problem and it is should be treated as a toppriority in the urban environmental management in order to reduce noise pollution.}, keywords = {Heavy traffic,metropolis,Noise dose,Urban environnemental management}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_80.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_80_1223a931fbaf710c601d04d79625d46d.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Improring the performance of Pars Oil Refinery Wastewater Treatment System}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {653-662}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.81}, abstract = {This study aims to inspect the performance of the wastewater treatment system of the Pars Oil refinery. Quantity and quality of wastewater are determined through samplings and measurements. The performance of system is evaluated considering total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, furfural, oil and pH. For precise comparing the qualitative and quantitative parameters, the wastewater entering the refinery is sampled four times from different places like boilers and from their channels, oil wastewater channels, and solvent wastewater channels. Despite some reforms that has been applied to the treatment system in order to reach the environmental standards, the system cannot treat the wastewater to the discharge standards. From the results of this research the advanced Membrane Bioreactor system for complementary refining along with optimized oil elimination system from wastewater is suggested.}, keywords = {Oil Refinery,Membrane bioreactor,treatment,Optimization}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_81.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_81_aaaf4b8034759ea9358a9bab7e212ac4.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Recycling of Used Bottle Grade Poly Ethyleneterephthalate to Nanofibers by Melt-electrospinning Method}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {663-670}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.82}, abstract = {Used PET bottles disposal is an unsolved environmental problem, and there are many efforts for finding an applicable solution for it. Many researches have showed that the degradation rate of the polymers increase with the smaller size of fibers. This work was carried out to convert used PET bottles into nanofibers by melt-electrospinning method. Uncolored, washed and chipped PET bottles and the PET granule was used for experiments. The temperature of melted PET at extruder nozzle and spinning area were set in the range of 245-255 °C and 200-235 °C respectively. The melting point of the polymer was determined by DSC. The potential difference was fixed at 25 kV and the distance between the nozzle and the collector were 3-9 cm. The morphology and fineness of produced fibers investigated by SEM. Although the producing fibers were not completely in the rang of nano-size fibers, but the results have showed that the nanofibers with diameter between 61- 93 nm can be achieved by the melt-electro spinning method. Comparing the effects of different flow rates of melting polymer as well as the distance between the nozzle to the collector have shown more proportion of finer fibers in flow rate less than 0.1 mL/min and the distance in the range of 3-5 cm. It was concluded however the melt electrospinning production of nanofibers has some difficulties but it can be considered as an applicable and environmental friendly way to recycling the used PET bottles so it can prevent more pollution of the environment.}, keywords = {Environmental Pollution,Nonofiber,PET,Disposal Bottle,Polymers}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_82.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_82_fc15f601a2fb654fefb00a32ce833cab.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Total Dissolved Solid Modeling; Karkheh Reservoir Case Example}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {671-680}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.83}, abstract = {The Karkheh Dam Reservoir with a capacity of more than 5 billion cubic meter is the largest dam in Iran with both agricultural and drinking usages. Its hydrodynamics and water quality were modeled and simulated to analyze the total maximum daily load (TMDL) of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The simulation was supported with measurements of temperature and TDS measurements during two years. A laterally averaged 2D model called CE-QUAL-W2 was used for the simulation and hypothetical low height spillways were implemented in the model to avoid drying of the cells in the river branch. The model was then calibrated successfully with an absolute mean error of 0.71° C. More importantly, vertical stratification of temperature and TDS in the Karkheh Reservoir was reproduced by the model throughout years 2000 to 2003. The calibrated model was then used to simulate water quality response to various TDS reduction scenarios. Model results reveal that a 50% reduction of the TDS load is required for a 40% reduction of TDS in the reservoir outlet. The modeling of a complex combination of a steep and long river –reservoir system was another important achievement of this study}, keywords = {Total dissolved solids,Simulation,CE-QUAL-W2,Water quality,Modeling,Stratification}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_83.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_83_cb81a61bc64e67ef1e6f702fccef4ce9.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Evaluating the Recovery Potential of Solid Wastes}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {681-690}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Tehran/Springer}, issn = {1735-6865}, eissn = {2008-2304}, doi = {10.22059/ijer.2010.84}, abstract = {The purpose of this research was to evaluate the recovery potential of solid waste in Mashhad. The solid waste generated in the regions 4, 5 and 6 has been quantified and characterized using direct weighing, physical testing and truckload sampling methods. To determine the quantity and quality of waste generated and its seasonal variations, chemical and physical analysis were carried out for one year. The current situation concerning resource recovery and disposal of solid waste in Mashhad is also described. Results show that the average solid waste generation rate is around 0.58 kg/capita per day in these regions. Statistical studies reveal that the quantity of waste generated differ significantly in various seasons. The composition (on a weight basis) of the solid wastes sampled was as follows: food wastes 46%, yard waste 8%, plastics 12%, paper and cardboard 6%, textiles 15%, metals 2%, glass 6% and rubber 4% indicating a high amount of organic matter. Vegetable and food wastes from the kitchen and yard wastes accounted for more than 50% of the waste stream. The moisture content was around 45% and the heating value of the mixed wastes around 4228 KJ/Kg (as-discarded basis). The nature of the wastes indicate that amongst the recovery options, composting at household level would be most appropriate as it would divert more than 50% of the wastes from the traditional waste stream and provide households with compost which could be used to enrich soils in the gardens.}, keywords = {Waste composition,Waste generation rate,Recovery,composting,Mashhad}, url = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_84.html}, eprint = {https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_84_579a8489e83b4c1770667e186a071b0d.pdf} }